【知识点】虚拟语气表示说话人的主观愿望、猜测、建议或与事实不符的假想等,是通过谓语动词的特殊形式来构成的。由于其实用性强、易与其它句型结合、创新力度大而倍受命题者的青睐,它主要在单项填空、语法填空和短文改错试题中考查。同时,由于虚拟语气表示说话人的主观态度,故而在听力、阅读理解和完形填空中也会涉及。熟练掌握虚拟语气后,有助于我们了解说话人当时的真实情感,明白其言外之意、弦外之音,从而准确把握命题人的真正意图。
1. 虚拟语气用于条件状语从句中时,主句和从句谓语动词的形式,解题关键在于牢记基本结构。
if条件句的谓语动词 | 主句的谓语动词 | |
对过去的虚拟 | had+过去分词 | would/should/could/might +have +过去分词 |
对现在的虚拟 | 一般过去时(be用were) | would/should/could/might +动词原形 |
对将来的虚拟 | (1)一般过去时(be用were) (2)should+动词原形 (3)were to+动词原形 | would/should/could/might +动词原形 |
I was wearing a seatbelt. If I hadn’t been wearing one, I would have been injured.
[简析]句意:我当时系着安全带。如果我没有系安全带,我就会受伤了。使用虚拟语气,根据if条件句中的hadn’t been wearing可知,主句用would have done表示对过去情况的虚拟,且I和injure是被动关系。
Sorry, I am too busy now. If I had time, I would certainly go for an outing with you.
[简析]根据题干中“I am too busy now”可知,本题考查对现在的虚拟。句意:对不起,现在我很忙。如果我有空,我当然会和你外出的。
Grace doesn’t want to move to New York because she thinks if she were to live there, she wouldn’t be able to see her parents very often.
[简析]本题考查对将来的虚拟。句意:Grace不想搬去New York,因为她认为如果住在哪儿,她将不能常常看望父母。
2. 在表示“坚持、命令、建议、要求”等动词后面的宾语从句中,谓语动词要用“(should)+动词原形”。这类动词主要有:1坚持insist、3命令command/ direct/ order、4建议advise/propose/recommend/suggest、6要求ask/desire/ demand/request/ require/urge,此外还有prefer(宁愿)等。解题关键在于should可以省略,并且要注意语态。
My mom suggests that we should eat out for a change this weekend. (陕西2013卷·12)
[简析]句意:妈妈建议我们这个周末出去吃饭换换样。
Eye doctors recommend that a child’s first eye exam be at the age of six months old.
[简析]句意:眼科医生建议:孩子在六个月时就要进行第一次眼科检查。
3. 在固定句式中考查。解题关键在于牢记基本结构。
(1)It is (high/about/the very) time+that从句。that从句动词要用一般过去式或“should+动词原形”。解题关键在于牢记结构以及should不能省略。
Jack is a great talker. It’s high time that he did something instead of just talking. (2012辽宁卷单项填空)
[简析]It’s high time+that从句,意为“该某人做某事的时候了”。that从句谓语动词要用一般过去式或“should+动词原形”。
(2)would rather+从句。
①表示对过去的虚拟,从句动词用“had+过去分词”;
②表示对现在或将来的虚拟,从句动词用一般过去时(be用were)。
We would rather our daughter stayed at home with us, but it is her choice, and she is not a child any longer.
[简析]根据but分句中的is可知,本题考查对现在的虚拟。
George is going to talk about the geography of his country, but I’d rather he focused more on its culture.
[简析]根据题干中“George is going to talk about the geography of his country” 可知,本题考查对将来的虚拟。
(3)wish+从句。
①表示对过去的虚拟,从句动词用“had+过去分词”;
②表示对现在的虚拟,从句动词用一般过去时(be用were);
③表示对将来的虚拟,从句动词用“should/ would/could/might+动词原形”。
I wish I had been at my sister’s wedding last Tuesday, but I was on a business trip in New York then. (2015天津卷单项填空)
[简析]根据时间状语last Tuesday可知,本题考查对过去的虚拟。
There is a good social life in the village, and I wish I had a second chance to become more involved. (2018江苏卷单项填空)
[简析]根据第一分句中的is可知,本题考查对现在的虚拟。
(4)as if/as though从句。
①表示对过去的虚拟,从句动词用“had+过去分词”;
②表示对现在的虚拟,从句动词用一般过去时(be用were);
③表示对将来的虚拟,从句动词用“should/ would/could/might+动词原形”。
Don’t handle the vase as if it were made of steel.
[简析]根据句意“拿花瓶时,不要当它是钢做的一样。”可知,本题考查对现在的虚拟。
He suddenly appeared in class one day, wearing sun glasses. He walked in as if he __17__ (buy) the school. (2012广东卷语法填空)
[简析]had bought。根据句意“他走进来就好像买下了整所学校一样。”可知,本题考查对过去的虚拟。
(5)省略主句的If only结构。
①表示对过去的虚拟,从句动词用“had+过去分词”;
②表示对现在的虚拟,从句动词用一般过去时(be用were);
(3)表示对将来的虚拟,从句动词用“should/ would/ could/ might+动词原形”。
解题关键在于牢记基本结构。
Look at the trouble I’m in! If only I had followed your advice!
【高考考向】
依据语境来判断虚拟语气的不同形式为高考试题主要设题方法之一。在今年考题中,出现来对陈述语气与虚拟语气辨析考察。
【高考真题】
1. (2019.全国卷Ⅱ改编)If it had been my dog,I’d hope that somebody _______(be) willing to go that extra mile.
would be 句意∶如果那是我的狗,我希望有人愿意为我的狗多走一些路程, would表示意愿。
2. (2019 .天津卷改编)The workers were not better organized, otherwise they_________(accomplish) the task in half the time.
would have accomplished 句意∶工人们没有被更好地组织起来,否则他们用一半的时间就能完成任务。根据句中的otherwise 以及前文为一般过去时可知,此处是对过去情况的含蓄虚拟,从句应使用"would+have done",故填 would have accomplished。
【解题指导】本题通过时态及句中的关键词 otherwise 可判断是对过去情况的含蓄虚拟,从句谓语应使用"would+have done"的形式。
3.(2018·北京卷改编)They might have found a bettr hotel if they_______(drive)a few more kilometers.
had driven 句意∶如果他们再开几千米,可能会找到一个更好的旅馆。由主句中的"might have found"可知,此处表示与过去事实相反的假设,从句应用过去完成时。
4.(2017·江苏卷改编)__________(be) it not for the support of the teachers, the student could not overcome her dificulty.
Were 句意∶要不是老师们的支持,那个学生克服不了她的困难。根据后面的"could not overcome"可知,此处是对现在情况的虚拟,从句中的 be动词要用 were。而且当从句中省略了引导词 if时,从句要用倒装结构,即把从句中的were提到句首。故填Were。
5.(2018·江苏卷改编)单句语法填空
There is a god social life in the village, and I wish I_______ (have) a second chance to become more involved.
句意∶乡村里的社交生活很好,我希望我能有再一次机会更多地参与其中。wish后的从句用虚拟语气,根据语境可知。此处表达说话人此刻不太可能实现的愿望,故从句用一般过去时。
【学生学情分析】
学生能记住虚拟语气的基本原则,但是对于不同的时间,如三个时空时态的转换的具体表达不能很好地运用,需要多加练习,熟能生巧。
【建议变式练习】
1.If people ______(drive)more slowly,there wouldn't be so many accidents.
2.If you had worked carefully,you ______(not make)so many mistakes
3.The boat wouldn't have drifted away,if we ______(tie)it up.
4. If I had known you already ______ (have) a typewriter,I ______ (not buy) one for your birthday.
5. If he ______(be)here this afternoon I would go with him.
6. If it were to rain tomorrow,the match ______(postpone).
7. But for your help,we ______(not be)able to finish the work in time.
8. If it ______ (not be) for the leadership of the Party, we would not have achieved so much.
9. I wish I ______(study)hard while I was young.
10.It is about time that fence ______(mend)
11. My request is that we ______(hold)another session to discuss the problem.
12. It is strange that the car ______ (break) down at exactly the same place where it ______(break)down yesterday.
13.The baby smiled as if he had ______(understand)what his mother ______(say).
14. He talked as if he ______ (do) all the work himself,but in fact Tom and I ______(do)most of it.
15. If only we ____(have)a phone!I'm tired of queuing outside the public phone box.
16. “Can we come in late tomorrow?” I'd rather you ______(come)in on time"
17. He looks as if he ______(be)ill for a long time.
18. He always talks as though he ______(address)a public meeting.
19.If a metal ______ (heat),it will expand.
20.I ______(stay)home if it rains this evening.
答案:1~5 drove wouldn’t have made had tied have had,wouldn’t have bought were 6~10 would be postponed wouldn’t have been were not had studied should be mended 11~15 hold have broken had understood had done had 16~20 came has been were addressing is heated will stay
撰文:陈晓夏 杨佳顺
图片:无
审核:丁劲松
上传:杨佳顺