语法专项训练之---虚拟语气

【知识点】虚拟语气表示说话人的主观愿望、猜测、建议或与事实不符的假想等，是通过谓语动词的特殊形式来构成的。由于其实用性强、易与其它句型结合、创新力度大而倍受命题者的青睐，它主要在单项填空、语法填空和短文改错试题中考查。同时，由于虚拟语气表示说话人的主观态度，故而在听力、阅读理解和完形填空中也会涉及。熟练掌握虚拟语气后，有助于我们了解说话人当时的真实情感，明白其言外之意、弦外之音，从而准确把握命题人的真正意图。

1. 虚拟语气用于条件状语从句中时，主句和从句谓语动词的形式，解题关键在于牢记基本结构。

I was wearing a seatbelt. If I hadn’t been wearing one, I would have been injured.

[简析]句意：我当时系着安全带。如果我没有系安全带，我就会受伤了。使用虚拟语气，根据if条件句中的hadn’t been wearing可知，主句用would have done表示对过去情况的虚拟，且I和injure是被动关系。

Sorry, I am too busy now. If I had time, I would certainly go for an outing with you.

[简析]根据题干中“I am too busy now”可知，本题考查对现在的虚拟。句意：对不起，现在我很忙。如果我有空，我当然会和你外出的。

Grace doesn’t want to move to New York because she thinks if she were to live there, she wouldn’t be able to see her parents very often.

[简析]本题考查对将来的虚拟。句意：Grace不想搬去New York，因为她认为如果住在哪儿，她将不能常常看望父母。

2. 在表示“坚持、命令、建议、要求”等动词后面的宾语从句中，谓语动词要用“(should)+动词原形”。这类动词主要有：1坚持insist、3命令command/ direct/ order、4建议advise/propose/recommend/suggest、6要求ask/desire/ demand/request/ require/urge，此外还有prefer(宁愿)等。解题关键在于should可以省略，并且要注意语态。

My mom suggests that we should eat out for a change this weekend. (陕西2013卷·12)

[简析]句意：妈妈建议我们这个周末出去吃饭换换样。

Eye doctors recommend that a child’s first eye exam be at the age of six months old.

[简析]句意：眼科医生建议：孩子在六个月时就要进行第一次眼科检查。

3. 在固定句式中考查。解题关键在于牢记基本结构。

(1)It is (high/about/the very) time+that从句。that从句动词要用一般过去式或“should+动词原形”。解题关键在于牢记结构以及should不能省略。

Jack is a great talker. It’s high time that he did something instead of just talking. (2012辽宁卷单项填空)

[简析]It’s high time+that从句，意为“该某人做某事的时候了”。that从句谓语动词要用一般过去式或“should+动词原形”。

(2)would rather+从句。

①表示对过去的虚拟，从句动词用“had+过去分词”；

②表示对现在或将来的虚拟，从句动词用一般过去时(be用were)。

We would rather our daughter stayed at home with us, but it is her choice, and she is not a child any longer.

[简析]根据but分句中的is可知，本题考查对现在的虚拟。

George is going to talk about the geography of his country, but I’d rather he focused more on its culture.

[简析]根据题干中“George is going to talk about the geography of his country” 可知，本题考查对将来的虚拟。

(3)wish+从句。

①表示对过去的虚拟，从句动词用“had+过去分词”；

②表示对现在的虚拟，从句动词用一般过去时(be用were)；

③表示对将来的虚拟，从句动词用“should/ would/could/might+动词原形”。

I wish I had been at my sister’s wedding last Tuesday, but I was on a business trip in New York then. (2015天津卷单项填空)

[简析]根据时间状语last Tuesday可知，本题考查对过去的虚拟。

There is a good social life in the village, and I wish I had a second chance to become more involved. (2018江苏卷单项填空)

[简析]根据第一分句中的is可知，本题考查对现在的虚拟。

(4)as if/as though从句。

①表示对过去的虚拟，从句动词用“had+过去分词”；

②表示对现在的虚拟，从句动词用一般过去时(be用were)；

③表示对将来的虚拟，从句动词用“should/ would/could/might+动词原形”。

Don’t handle the vase as if it were made of steel.

[简析]根据句意“拿花瓶时，不要当它是钢做的一样。”可知，本题考查对现在的虚拟。

He suddenly appeared in class one day, wearing sun glasses. He walked in as if he __17__ (buy) the school. (2012广东卷语法填空)

[简析]had bought。根据句意“他走进来就好像买下了整所学校一样。”可知，本题考查对过去的虚拟。

(5)省略主句的If only结构。

①表示对过去的虚拟，从句动词用“had+过去分词”；

②表示对现在的虚拟，从句动词用一般过去时(be用were)；

(3)表示对将来的虚拟，从句动词用“should/ would/ could/ might+动词原形”。

解题关键在于牢记基本结构。

Look at the trouble I’m in! If only I had followed your advice!

【高考考向】

依据语境来判断虚拟语气的不同形式为高考试题主要设题方法之一。在今年考题中，出现来对陈述语气与虚拟语气辨析考察。

【高考真题】

1. （2019.全国卷Ⅱ改编）If it had been my dog，I’d hope that somebody _______(be) willing to go that extra mile.

would be   句意∶如果那是我的狗，我希望有人愿意为我的狗多走一些路程, would表示意愿。

2. (2019 .天津卷改编)The workers were not better organized, otherwise they_________(accomplish) the task in half the time.

would have accomplished 句意∶工人们没有被更好地组织起来，否则他们用一半的时间就能完成任务。根据句中的otherwise 以及前文为一般过去时可知，此处是对过去情况的含蓄虚拟，从句应使用"would+have done"，故填 would have accomplished。

【解题指导】本题通过时态及句中的关键词 otherwise 可判断是对过去情况的含蓄虚拟，从句谓语应使用"would+have done"的形式。

3.（2018·北京卷改编）They might have found a bettr hotel if they_______(drive)a few more kilometers.

had driven  句意∶如果他们再开几千米，可能会找到一个更好的旅馆。由主句中的"might have found"可知，此处表示与过去事实相反的假设，从句应用过去完成时。

4.（2017·江苏卷改编）__________(be) it not for the support of the teachers, the student could not overcome her dificulty.

Were  句意∶要不是老师们的支持，那个学生克服不了她的困难。根据后面的"could not overcome"可知，此处是对现在情况的虚拟，从句中的 be动词要用 were。而且当从句中省略了引导词 if时，从句要用倒装结构，即把从句中的were提到句首。故填Were。

5.（2018·江苏卷改编）单句语法填空

There is a god social life in the village, and I wish I_______ (have) a second chance to become more involved.

句意∶乡村里的社交生活很好，我希望我能有再一次机会更多地参与其中。wish后的从句用虚拟语气，根据语境可知。此处表达说话人此刻不太可能实现的愿望，故从句用一般过去时。

【学生学情分析】

学生能记住虚拟语气的基本原则，但是对于不同的时间，如三个时空时态的转换的具体表达不能很好地运用，需要多加练习，熟能生巧。

【建议变式练习】

1.If people ______（drive）more slowly，there wouldn't be so many accidents.

2.If you had worked carefully，you ______（not make）so many mistakes

3.The boat wouldn't have drifted away，if we ______（tie）it up.

4. If I had known you already ______ (have) a typewriter，I ______ (not buy) one for your birthday.

5. If he ______（be）here this afternoon I would go with him.

6. If it were to rain tomorrow，the match ______（postpone）.

7. But for your help，we ______（not be）able to finish the work in time.

8. If it ______ (not be) for the leadership of the Party, we would not have achieved so much.

9. I wish I ______（study）hard while I was young.

10.It is about time that fence ______（mend）

11. My request is that we ______（hold）another session to discuss the problem.

12. It is strange that the car ______ (break) down at exactly the same place where it ______（break）down yesterday.

13.The baby smiled as if he had ______（understand）what his mother ______（say）.

14. He talked as if he ______ (do) all the work himself，but in fact Tom and I ______（do）most of it.

15. If only we ____（have）a phone！I'm tired of queuing outside the public phone box.

16. “Can we come in late tomorrow？”  I'd rather you ______（come）in on time"

17. He looks as if he ______（be）ill for a long time.

18. He always talks as though he ______（address）a public meeting.

19.If a metal ______ (heat)，it will expand.

20.I ______（stay）home if it rains this evening.

答案：1~5 drove  wouldn’t have made  had tied  have had,wouldn’t have bought  were  6~10 would be postponed  wouldn’t have been  were not  had studied  should be mended  11~15 hold  have broken  had understood  had done  had  16~20 came  has been  were addressing  is heated  will stay

撰文：陈晓夏 杨佳顺

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审核：丁劲松

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